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To evaluate the effect of late initiation of HAART and poor immune reconstitution on the frequency of regulatory T-cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood and gut of HIV-infected patients, we studied Colombian HIV-infected patients who had been on suppressive HAART for at least one year. They had undetectable viremia but were either immunological responders (HIR); (CD4 counts >500 cells/µl) or non-immunological responders (NIR); (CD4 T-cell count <300 cells/µl). Untreated HIV-infected patients and uninfected controls from the same region were also evaluated.    Methods  Frequency and phenotype of regulatory T-cells (Treg) were analyzed in gut biopsies and blood samples. The functional effect of Treg depletion on CMV and HIV responses was determined. Markers of immune activation and circulating LPS levels were quantified.    Results  Untreated patients exhibited high Treg frequency in PBMC and gut, and their Treg express high levels of CTLA-4 and PD-1. Although HAART significantly decreased mucosal Treg frequency, it did not normalize it in any of the treated groups (HIR and NIR patients). Treg normalization was observed in the blood of HIR patients following HAART, but did not occur in NIR patients. Treg from HIV-infected patients (treated or not) suppressed HIV and hCMV-specific T-cells from gut and blood. Plasma LPS levels and percentage of HLA-DR+CD38+ T-cells were significantly elevated in all infected groups compared to controls.    Conclusions  These findings suggest that control of viral replication is not sufficient to normalize gut Treg frequency in patients, independent of their response to HAART. Furthermore, persistence of functional Treg in the gut appears to be associated with the failure of HAART to repair mucosal damage.

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Incomplete Normalization of Regulatory T-Cell Frequency in the Gut Mucosa of Colombian HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Treatment