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Aphids are insects that cause direct damage to crops by the removal of phloem sap, but more importantly they spread devastating viruses. Aphids use their sophisticated mouthpart (i.e. stylet) to feed from the phloem sieve elements of the host plant. To identify genes that affect host plant resistance to aphids, we previously screened an  Arabidopsis thaliana  activation tag mutant collection. In such mutants, tagged genes are overexpressed by a strong 35S enhancer adjacent to the natural promoter, resulting in a dominant gain-of-function phenotype. We previously identified several of these mutants on which the aphid  Myzus persicae  showed a reduced population development compared with wild type. In the present study we show that the gene responsible for the phenotype of one of the mutants is At5g65040 and named this gene  Increased Resistance to Myzus persicae 1  ( IRM1 ). Overexpression of the cloned  IRM1  gene conferred a phenotype identical to that of the original mutant. Conversely, an  IRM1  knockout mutant promoted aphid population development compared to the wild type. We performed Electrical Penetration Graph analysis to investigate how probing and feeding behaviour of aphids was affected on plants that either overexpressed  IRM1  or contained a knockout mutation in this gene. The EPG results indicated that the aphids encounter resistance factors while reaching for the phloem on the overexpressing line. This resistance mechanism also affected other aphid species and is suggested to be of mechanical nature. Interestingly, genetic variation for  IRM1  expression in response to aphid attack was observed. Upon aphid attack the expression of  IRM1  was initially (after 6 hours) induced in ecotype Wassilewskija followed by suppression. In Columbia-0,  IRM1  expression was already suppressed six hours after the start of the infestation. The resistance conferred by the overexpression of  IRM1  in  A. thaliana  trades off with plant growth.

Overexpression of IRM1 Enhances Resistance to Aphids in Arabidopsis thaliana