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Transcriptomic and peptidomic analysis of skin secretions from the Painted-belly leaf frog  Phyllomedusa sauvagii  led to the identification of 5 novel phylloseptins (PLS-S2 to -S6) and also of phylloseptin-1 (PSN-1, here renamed PLS-S1), the only member of this family previously isolated in this frog. Synthesis and characterization of these phylloseptins revealed differences in their antimicrobial activities. PLS-S1, -S2, and -S4 (79–95% amino acid sequence identity; net charge  = +2) were highly potent and cidal against Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant  S. aureus  strains, and killed the promastigote stage of  Leishmania infantum ,  L. braziliensis  and  L. major . By contrast, PLS-S3 (95% amino acid identity with PLS-S2; net charge  = +1) and -S5 (net charge  = +2) were found to be almost inactive against bacteria and protozoa. PLS-S6 was not studied as this peptide was closely related to PLS-S1. Differential scanning calorimetry on anionic and zwitterionic multilamellar vesicles combined with circular dichroism spectroscopy and membrane permeabilization assays on bacterial cells indicated that PLS-S1, -S2, and -S4 are structured in an amphipathic α-helix that disrupts the acyl chain packing of anionic lipid bilayers. As a result, regions of two coexisting phases could be formed, one phase rich in peptide and the other lipid-rich. After reaching a threshold peptide concentration, the disruption of lipid packing within the bilayer may lead to local cracks and disintegration of the microbial membrane. Differences in the net charge, α-helical folding propensity, and/or degree of amphipathicity between PLS-S1, -S2 and -S4, and between PLS-S3 and -S5 appear to be responsible for their marked differences in their antimicrobial activities. In addition to the detailed characterization of novel phylloseptins from  P. sauvagii , our study provides additional data on the previously isolated PLS-S1 and on the mechanism of action of phylloseptins.

plos one

Structure, Antimicrobial Activities and Mode of Interaction with Membranes of Bovel Phylloseptins from the Painted-Belly Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagii