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Pollinators provide an important service in many crops. Managed honey bees ( Apis mellifera  L.) are used to supplement pollination services provided by wild bees with the assumption that they will enhance pollination, fruit set and crop yield beyond the levels provided by the wild bees. Recent declines in managed honey bee populations have stimulated interest in finding alternative managed pollinators to service crops. In the eastern U.S., managed hives of the native common eastern bumble bee ( Bombus impatiens  Cresson) may be an excellent choice. To examine this issue, a comprehensive 2-yr study was conducted to compare fruit yield and bee visits to flowers in pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo  L.) fields that were either supplemented with  A. mellifera  hives,  B. impatiens  hives or were not supplemented. We compared pumpkin yield,  A. mellifera  flower visitation frequency and  B. impatiens  flower visitation frequency between treatments. Results indicated that supplementing pumpkin fields with either  A. mellifera  or  B. impatiens  hives did not increase their visitation to pumpkin flowers or fruit yield compared with those that were not supplemented. Next, the relationship between frequency of pumpkin flower visitation by the most prominent bee species ( Peponapis pruinosa  (Say),  B. impatiens and A. mellifera ) and fruit yield was determined across all pumpkin fields sampled. Fruit yield increased as the frequency of flower visits by  A. mellifera  and  B. impatiens  increased in 2011 and 2012, respectively. These results suggest that supplementation with managed bees may not improve pumpkin production and that  A. mellifera  and  B. impatiens  are important pollinators of pumpkin in our system.

Pollination Services Provided by Bees in Pumpkin Fields Supplemented with Either Apis mellifera or Bombus impatiens or Not Supplemented