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Transgenic crops expressing   Bacillus thuringiensis   ( Bt ) toxins have been adopted worldwide, notably in developing countries. In spite of their success in controlling target pests while allowing a substantial reduction of insecticide use, the sustainable control of these pest populations is threatened by the evolution of resistance. The implementation of the “high dose/refuge” strategy for managing insect resistance in transgenic crops aims at delaying the evolution of resistance to  Bt  crops in pest populations by promoting survival of susceptible insects. However, a crucial condition for the “high dose/refuge” strategy to be efficient is that the inheritance of resistance should be functionally recessive.Busseolafuscadeveloped high levels of resistance to the  Bt  toxin  Cry 1Ab  expressed in  Bt  corn in South Africa. To test whether the inheritance ofB.  fuscaresistance to the  Bt  toxin could be considered recessive we performed controlled crosses with this pest and evaluated its survival on  Bt  and non- Bt  corn. Results show that resistance ofB.  fuscato  Bt  corn is dominant, which refutes the hypothesis of recessive inheritance. Survival on  Bt  corn was not lower than on non- Bt  corn for both resistant larvae and the F 1  progeny from resistant × susceptible parents. Hence, resistance management strategies ofB.  fuscato  Bt  corn must address non-recessive resistance.

Dominant Inheritance of Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Corn in Busseola fusca