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Background  Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is widely used for malaria transmission control in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroids in the mosquito  Anopheles gambiae  is a growing problem. There is an urgent need to develop long-lasting alternative insecticides to reduce selection pressure for pyrethroid resistance and to provide control with a single IRS application in countries with long transmission seasons.    Methods  Two capsule suspension formulations (CS) of the organophosphate pirimiphos methyl were evaluated as IRS treatments in experimental huts in an area of Benin where the mosquitoes  Anopheles gambiae  and  Culex quinquefasciatus  are resistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to organophosphates. The CS formulations were tested alongside an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of pirimiphos methyl and a CS formulation of the pyrethroid lambdacyhalothrin.    Results  The two CS formulations of pirimiphos methyl gave prolonged control of  An. gambiae  and  Cx. quinquefasciatus . In cement huts application rates of 0.5 g/m 2  induced high mortality of  An. gambiae  for almost a year: overall mortality rates 87% (95% CI 82–91%) and 92% (95% CI 88–94%). In mud huts application rates of 1 g/m 2  induced high mortality of  An. gambiae  for 10 months: overall mortality rates 75% (95% CI 69–81%) and 76% (95% CI 68–83%). The EC formulation of pirimiphos methyl failed to control  An. gambiae  two months after spraying. The pyrethroid lambdacyhalothrin demonstrated prolonged residual activity in bioassay tests but failed to control pyrethroid resistant  An. gambiae  that entered the huts. Pirimiphos methyl CS was highly active against  Culex quinquefasciatus  and gave control for 10 months in cement huts and 6 months in mud huts.    Conclusion  Pirimiphos methyl CS (Actellic 300 CS) applied at 1 g/m 2  shows great promise for providing prolonged control of pyrethroid-resistant  An gambiae  and for delaying pyrethroid resistance. An alternative to DDT, giving year-round transmission control in sub-Saharan Africa is now a realistic prospect.

plos one

A New Long-Lasting Indoor Residual Formulation of the Organophosphate Insecticide Pirimiphos Methyl for Prolonged Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Mosquitoes: An Experimental Hut Trial in Benin