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Na + :K + :2Cl -  cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) has been implicated in mediating ischemia-, trauma- or ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling/brain edema in mammals. This study aimed to determine the effects of ammonia or terrestrial exposure on ammonia concentrations in the plasma and brain, and the mRNA expression and protein abundance of  nkcc /Nkcc in the brain, of the swamp eelMonopterusalbus    . Ammonia exposure led to a greater increase in the ammonia concentration in the brain of   M. albus   than terrestrial exposure. The brain ammonia concentration of   M. albus   reached 4.5 µmol g -1  and 2.7 µmol g -1  after 6 days of exposure to 50 mmol l -1  NH 4 Cl and terrestrial conditions, respectively. The full cDNA coding sequence of  nkcc1b  from   M. albus   brain comprised 3276 bp and coded for 1092 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 119.6 kDa. A molecular characterization indicated that it could be activated through phosphorylation and/or glycosylation by osmotic and/or oxidative stresses. Ammonia exposure for 1 day or 6 days led to significant decreases in the  nkcc1b  mRNA expression and Nkcc1b protein abundance in the brain of   M. albus  . In comparison, a significant decrease in  nkcc1b  mRNA expression was observed in the brain of   M. albus   only after 6 days of terrestrial exposure, but both 1 day and 6 days of terrestrial exposure resulted in significant decreases in the protein abundance of Nkcc1b. These results are novel because it has been established in mammals that ammonia up-regulates NKCC1 expression in astrocytes and NKCC1 plays an important role in ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling and brain edema. By contrast, our results indicate for the first time that   M. albus   is able to down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of  nkcc1b /Nkcc1b in the brain when confronted with ammonia toxicity, which could be one of the contributing factors to its extraordinarily high brain ammonia tolerance.

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High Brain Ammonia Tolerance and Down-Regulation of Na+:K+:2Cl- Cotransporter 1b mRNA and Protein Expression in the Brain of the Swamp Eel, Monopterus albus, Exposed to Environmental Ammonia or Terrestrial Conditions