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Piriformosporaindicais a basidiomycete fungus colonizing roots of a wide range of higher plants, including crop plants and the model plant   Arabidopsis thaliana  . Previous studies have shown thatP.  indicaimproves growth, and enhances systemic pathogen resistance in leaves of host plants. To investigate systemic effects within the root system, we established a hydroponic split-root cultivation system for  Arabidopsis . Using quantitative real-time PCR, we show that initialP.  indicacolonization triggers a local, transient response of several defense-related transcripts, of which some were also induced in shoots and in distal, non-colonized roots of the same plant. Systemic effects on distal roots included the inhibition of secondaryP.  indicacolonization. Faster and stronger induction of defense-related transcripts during secondary inoculation revealed that aP.  indicapretreatment triggers root-wide priming of defense responses, which could cause the observed reduction of secondary colonization levels. SecondaryP.  indicacolonization also induced defense responses in distant, already colonized parts of the root. Endophytic fungi therefore trigger a spatially specific response in directly colonized and in systemic root tissues of host plants.

Piriformospora indica Root Colonization Triggers Local and Systemic Root Responses and Inhibits Secondary Colonization of Distal Roots