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Objective  To determine differences in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, sICAM-1 concentrations, leg hypoxia and whole blood viscosity (WBV) at shear rates of 46 sec -1  and 230 sec -1  in persons with homozygous S sickle cell disease (SCD) with and without chronic leg ulceration and in AA genotype controls.    Design    & Methods : fifty-five age-matched participants were recruited into the study: 31 SS subjects without leg ulcers (SS n ), 24 SS subjects with leg ulcers (SS u ) and 18 AA controls. Haematological indices were measured using an AC.Tron Coulter Counter. Quantification of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and adhesion molecules was performed by ELISA. Measurement of whole blood viscosity was done using a Wells Brookfield cone-plate viscometer. Quantification of microvascular tissue oxygenation was done by Visible Lightguide spectrophotometry.    Results  TNF-α and whole blood viscosity at 46 sec -1  and 230 sec -1  (1.75, 2.02 vs. 0.83, 1.26,  p <0.05) were significantly greater in sickle cell disease subjects than in controls. There were no differences in plasma concentration of sICAM-1, IL-1β and IL-10 between SCD subjects and controls. IL-1β (median, IQR: 0.96, 1.7 vs. 0, 0.87;  p <0.01) and sICAM-1 (226.5, 156.48 vs. 107.63, 121.5,  p <0.005) were significantly greater in SS u  group compared with SS n . However there were no differences in TNF-α (2, 3.98 vs. 0, 2.66) and IL-10 (13.34, 5.95 vs. 11.92, 2.99) concentrations between SS u  and SS n . WBV in the SS u  group at 46 sec -1  and at 230 Sec 1 were 1.9 (95%CI; 1.2, 3.1) and 2.3 (1.2, 4.4) times greater than in the SS n  group. There were no differences in the degree of tissue hypoxia as determined by lightguide spectrophotometry.    Conclusion  Inflammatory, adhesion markers and WBV may be associated with leg ulceration in sickle cell disease by way of inflammation-mediated vasoocclusion/vasoconstriction. Impaired skin oxygenation does not appear to be associated with chronic ulcers in these subjects with sickle cell disease.

Blood Viscosity and the Expression of Inflammatory and Adhesion Markers in Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease Subjects with Chronic Leg Ulcers