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The Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthusroseusin the family  Apocynaceae ) is an important medicinal plant and is the source of several widely marketed chemotherapeutic drugs. It is also commonly grown for its ornamental values and, due to ease of infection and distinctiveness of symptoms, is often used as the host for studies on phytoplasmas, an important group of uncultivated plant pathogens. To gain insights into the characteristics of apocynaceous plastid genomes (plastomes), we used a reference-assisted approach to assemble the complete plastome ofC.  roseus    , which could be applied to otherC.  roseus    -related studies. TheC.  roseusplastome is the second completely sequenced plastome in the asterid order  Gentianales . We performed comparative analyses with two other representative sequences in the same order, including the complete plastome ofCoffeaarabica(from the basal  Gentianales  family  Rubiaceae ) and the nearly complete plastome ofAsclepiassyriaca( Apocynaceae ). The results demonstrated considerable variations in gene content and plastome organization within  Apocynaceae , including the presence/absence of three essential genes (i.e.,  accD ,  clpP , and  ycf1 ) and large size changes in non-coding regions (e.g.,  rps2 - rpoC2  and IRb- ndhF ). To find plastome markers of potential utility for    Catharanthus    breeding and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 41C.  roseus    -specific simple sequence repeats. Furthermore, five intergenic regions with high divergence betweenC.  roseusand three other euasterids I taxa were identified as candidate markers. To resolve the euasterids I interordinal relationships, 82 plastome genes were used for phylogenetic inference. With the addition of representatives from  Apocynaceae  and sampling of most other asterid orders, a sister relationship between  Gentianales  and  Solanales  is supported.

plos one

The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Madagascar Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don: Plastid Genome Evolution, Molecular Marker Identification, and Phylogenetic Implications in Asterids