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Background    Trypanosoma brucei  is the causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness in humans and contributes to the related veterinary disease, Nagana.  T. brucei  is segregated into three subspecies based on host specificity, geography and pathology.  T. b. brucei  is limited to animals (excluding some primates) throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is non-infective to humans due to trypanolytic factors found in human serum.  T. b. gambiense  and  T. b. rhodesiense  are human infective sub-species.  T. b. gambiense  is the more prevalent human, causing over 97% of human cases. Study of  T. b. gambiense  is complicated in that there are two distinct groups delineated by genetics and phenotype. The relationships between the two groups and local  T. b. brucei  are unclear and may have a bearing on the evolution of the human infectivity traits.    Methodology/Principal Findings  A collection of sympatric  T. brucei  isolates from Côte d’Ivoire, consisting of  T. b. brucei  and both groups of  T. b. gambiense  have previously been categorized by isoenzymes, RFLPs and Blood Incubation Infectivity Tests. These samples were further characterized using the group 1 specific marker,  TgSGP , and seven microsatellites. The relationships between the  T. b. brucei  and  T. b. gambiense  isolates were determined using principal components analysis, neighbor-joining phylogenetics, STRUCTURE, F ST , Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium.    Conclusions/Significance  Group 1  T. b. gambiense  form a clonal genetic group, distinct from group 2 and  T. b. brucei , whereas group 2  T. b. gambiense  are genetically indistinguishable from local  T. b. brucei . There is strong evidence for mating within and between group  2 T. b. gambiense  and  T. b. brucei . We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that group 2  T. b. gambiense  are hybrids of group 1 and  T. b. brucei , suggesting that human infectivity has evolved independently in groups 1 and 2  T. b. gambiense .

Human and Animal Trypanosomes in Côte d'Ivoire Form a Single Breeding Population