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EPF1-EPF2 and EPFL9/Stomagen act antagonistically in regulating leaf stomatal density. The aim of this study was to elucidate the evolutionary functional divergence of  EPF/EPFL  family genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that  AtEPFL9 / Stomagen -like genes are conserved only in vascular plants and are closely related to  AtEPF1 / EPF2 -like genes. Modeling showed that EPF/EPFL peptides share a common 3D structure that is constituted of a scaffold and loop. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that AtEPF1/EPF2-like peptides form an additional disulfide bond in their loop regions and show greater flexibility in these regions than AtEPFL9/Stomagen-like peptides. This study uncovered the evolutionary relationship and the conformational divergence of proteins encoded by the  EPF/EPFL  family genes.

Evolutionary Relationship and Structural Characterization of the EPF/EPFL Gene Family