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Truffles ascocarps need carbon to grow, but it is not known whether this carbon comes directly from the tree (heterotrophy) or from soil organic matter (saprotrophy). The objective of this work was to investigate the heterotrophic side of the ascocarp nutrition by assessing the allocation of carbon by the host to  Tuber melanosporum  mycorrhizas and ascocarps. In 2010, a single hazel tree selected for its high truffle ( Tuber melanosporum ) production and situated in the west part of the Vosges, France, was labeled with  13 CO 2 . The transfer of  13 C from the leaves to the fine roots and  T. melanosporum  mycorrhizas was very slow compared with the results found in the literature for herbaceous plants or other tree species. The fine roots primarily acted as a carbon conduit; they accumulated little  13 C and transferred it slowly to the mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizas first formed a carbon sink and accumulated  13 C prior to ascocarp development. Then, the mycorrhizas transferred  13 C to the ascocarps to provide constitutive carbon (1.7 mg of  13 C per day). The ascocarps accumulated host carbon until reaching complete maturity, 200 days after the first labeling and 150 days after the second labeling event. This role of the  Tuber  ascocarps as a carbon sink occurred several months after the end of carbon assimilation by the host and at low temperature. This finding suggests that carbon allocated to the ascocarps during winter was provided by reserve compounds stored in the wood and hydrolyzed during a period of frost. Almost all of the constitutive carbon allocated to the truffles (1% of the total carbon assimilated by the tree during the growing season) came from the host.

Carbon Transfer from the Host to Tuber melanosporum Mycorrhizas and Ascocarps Followed Using a 13C Pulse-Labeling Technique