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Background  The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in recent decades has highlighted the importance of developing new drugs to treat infections. However, in addition to the design of new drugs, the development of accurate preclinical testing methods is essential. In vivo imaging technologies such as bioluminescence imaging (BLI) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are promising approaches. In a previous study, we showed the effectiveness of  19 F MRI using perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions for detecting the site of  Staphylococcus aureus  infection. In the present follow-up study, we investigated the use of this method for in vivo visualization of the effects of antibiotic therapy.    Methods/Principal findings  Mice were infected with  S. aureus  Xen29 and treated with 0.9% NaCl solution, vancomycin or linezolid. Mock treatment led to the highest bioluminescence values during infection followed by vancomycin treatment. Counting the number of colony-forming units (cfu) at 7 days post-infection (p.i.) showed the highest bacterial burden for the mock group and the lowest for the linezolid group. Administration of PFCs at day 2 p.i. led to the accumulation of  19 F at the rim of the abscess in all mice (in the shape of a hollow sphere), and antibiotic treatment decreased the  19 F signal intensity and volume. Linezolid showed the strongest effect. The BLI, cfu, and MRI results were comparable.    Conclusions    19 F-MRI with PFCs is an effective non-invasive method for assessing the effects of antibiotic therapy in vivo. This method does not depend on pathogen specific markers and can therefore be used to estimate the efficacy of antibacterial therapy against a broad range of clinically relevant pathogens, and to localize sites of infection.

19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Perfluorocarbons for the Evaluation of Response to Antibiotic Therapy in a Staphylococcus aureus Infection Model