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The thermal limit for metazoan life, expected to be around 50°C, has been debated since the discovery of the Pompeii worm  Alvinella pompejana , which colonizes black smoker chimney walls at deep-sea vents. While indirect evidence predicts body temperatures lower than 50°C, repeated  in situ  temperature measurements depict an animal thriving at temperatures of 60°C and more. This controversy was to remain as long as this species escaped  in vivo  investigations, due to irremediable mortalities upon non-isobaric sampling. Here we report from the first heat-exposure experiments with live  A. pompejana , following isobaric sampling and subsequent transfer in a laboratory pressurized aquarium. A prolonged (2 hours) exposure in the 50–55°C range was lethal, inducing severe tissue damages, cell mortalities and triggering a heat stress response, therefore showing that Alvinella’s upper thermal limit clearly is below 55°C. A comparison with  hsp70  stress gene expressions of individuals analysed directly after sampling  in situ  confirms that  Alvinella pompejana  does not experience long-term exposures to temperature above 50°C in its natural environment. The thermal optimum is nevertheless beyond 42°C, which confirms that the Pompeii worm ranks among the most thermotolerant metazoans.

Thermal Limit for Metazoan Life in Question: In Vivo Heat Tolerance of the Pompeii Worm