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The widespread insecticide resistance raises concerns for vector control implementation and sustainability particularly for the control of the main vector of human malaria,  Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto . However, the extent to which insecticide resistance mechanisms interfere with the development of the malignant malaria parasite in its vector and their impact on overall malaria transmission remains unknown. We explore the impact of insecticide resistance on the outcome of  Plasmodium falciparum  infection in its natural vector using three  An. gambiae  strains sharing a common genetic background, one susceptible to insecticides and two resistant, one homozygous for the  ace-1 R   mutation and one for the  kdr  mutation. Experimental infections of the three strains were conducted in parallel with field isolates of  P. falciparum  from Burkina Faso (West Africa) by direct membrane feeding assays. Both insecticide resistant mutations influence the outcome of malaria infection by increasing the prevalence of infection. In contrast, the  kdr  resistant allele is associated with reduced parasite burden in infected individuals at the oocyst stage, when compared to the susceptible strain, while the  ace-1   R  resistant allele showing no such association. Thus insecticide resistance, which is particularly problematic for malaria control efforts, impacts vector competence towards  P. falciparum  and probably parasite transmission through increased sporozoite prevalence in  kdr  resistant mosquitoes. These results are of great concern for the epidemiology of malaria considering the widespread pyrethroid resistance currently observed in Sub-Saharan Africa and the efforts deployed to control the disease.

Insecticide Resistance Alleles Affect Vector Competence of Anopheles gambiae s.s. for Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates