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B. subtilis  grows more rapidly using the amino sugar glucosamine as carbon source, than with N-acetylglucosamine. Genes for the transport and metabolism of N-acetylglucosamine ( nagP  and  nagAB ) are found in all the sequenced  Bacilli  (except  Anoxybacillus flavithermus ). In  B. subtilis  there is an additional operon ( gamAP ) encoding second copies of genes for the transport and catabolism of glucosamine. We have developed a method to make multiple deletion mutations in  B. subtilis  employing an excisable spectinomycin resistance cassette. Using this method we have analysed the contribution of the different genes of the  nag  and  gam  operons for their role in utilization of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Faster growth on glucosamine is due to the presence of the  gamAP  operon, which is strongly induced by glucosamine. Although the  gamA  and  nagB  genes encode isozymes of GlcN6P deaminase, catabolism of N-acetylglucosamine relies mostly upon the  gamA  gene product. The genes for use of N-acetylglucosamine,  nagAB  and  nagP,  are repressed by YvoA (NagR), a GntR family regulator, whose gene is part of the  nagAB yvoA(nagR)  operon. The  gamAP  operon is repressed by YbgA, another GntR family repressor, whose gene is expressed divergently from  gamAP . The  nagAB yvoA  synton is found throughout the  Bacilli  and most firmicutes. On the other hand the  ybgA-gamAP  synton, which includes the  ybgB  gene for a small protein of unknown provenance, is only found in  B. subtilis  (and a few very close relatives). The origin of  ybgBA-gamAP  grouping is unknown but synteny analysis suggests lateral transfer from an unidentified donor. The presence of  gamAP  has enabled  B. subtilis  to efficiently use glucosamine as carbon source.

The Use of Amino Sugars by Bacillus subtilis: Presence of a Unique Operon for the Catabolism of Glucosamine