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Background  Over the last 60 years, synthetic chemical pesticides have served as a main tactic in the field of crop protection, but their availability is now declining as a result of the development of insect resistance. Therefore, alternative pest management agents are needed. However, the demonstration of RNAi gene silencing in insects and its successful usage in disrupting the expression of vital genes opened a door to the development of a variety of novel, environmentally sound approaches for insect pest management.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Six small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were chemically synthesized and modified according to the cDNA sequence of  P. xylostella  acetylcholine esterase genes AChE1 and AChE2. All of them were formulated and used in insecticide activity screening against  P. xylostella . Bioassay data suggested that Si-ace1_003 and Si-ace2_001 at a concentration of 3 µg cm −2  displayed the best insecticidal activity with 73.7% and 89.0%, mortality, respectively. Additional bioassays were used to obtain the acute lethal concentrations of LC50 and LC90 for Si-ace2_001, which were 53.66 µg/ml and 759.71 µg/ml, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to confirm silencing and detected that the transcript levels of  P. xylostella  AChE2 ( PxAChE2 ) were reduced by 5.7-fold compared to the control group. Consequently, AChE activity was also reduced by 1.7-fold. Finally, effects of the siRNAs on treated plants of  Brassica oleracea  and  Brassica alboglabra  were investigated with different siRNA doses. Our results showed that Si-ace2_001 had no negative effects on plant morphology, color and growth of vein under our experimental conditions.    Conclusions  The most important finding of this study is the discovery that chemically synthesized and modified siRNA corresponding to  P. xylostella  AChE genes cause significant mortality of the insect both under laboratory and field conditions, which provides a novel strategy to control  P. xylostella  and to develop bio-pesticides based on the RNA interference technology.

Testing Insecticidal Activity of Novel Chemically Synthesized siRNA against Plutella xylostella under Laboratory and Field Conditions