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To understand the evolutionary processes leading to the diversity of Asian colobines, we report here on a phylogenetic, phylogeographical and population genetic analysis of three closely related langurs,  Trachypithecus francoisi ,  T. poliocephalus  and  T. leucocephalus , which are all characterized by different pelage coloration predominantly on the head and shoulders. Therefore, we sequenced a 395 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial control region from 178  T. francoisi , 54  T. leucocephalus  and 19  T. poliocephalus  individuals, representing all extant populations of these three species. We found 29 haplotypes in  T. francoisi,  12 haplotypes in  T. leucocephalus  and three haplotypes in  T. poliocephalus .  T. leucocephalus  and  T. poliocephalus  form monophyletic clades, which are both nested within  T. francoisi , and diverged from  T. francoisi  recently, 0.46-0.27 ( T. leucocephalus ) and 0.50-0.25 million years ago ( T. poliocephalus ). Thus,  T. francoisi  appears as a polyphyletic group, while  T. leucocephalus  and  T. poliocephalus  are most likely independent descendents of  T. francoisi  that are both physically separated from  T. francoisi  populations by rivers, open sea or larger habitat gaps. Since  T. francoisi  populations show no variability in pelage coloration, pelage coloration in  T. leucocephalus  and  T. poliocephalus  is most likely the result of new genetic mutations after the split from  T. francoisi  and not of the fixation of different characters derived from an ancestral polymorphism. This case study highlights that morphological changes for example in pelage coloration can occur in isolated populations in relatively short time periods and it provides a solid basis for studies in related species. Nevertheless, to fully understand the evolutionary history of these three langur species, nuclear loci should be investigated as well.

Relatively Recent Evolution of Pelage Coloration in Colobinae: Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Three Closely Related Langur Species