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The Amur grape ( Vitis amurensis  Rupr.) thrives naturally in cool climates of Northeast Asia. Resistance against the introduced pathogen  Plasmopara viticola  is common among wild ecotypes that were propagated from Manchuria into Chinese vineyards or collected by Soviet botanists in Siberia, and used for the introgression of resistance into wine grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L.). A QTL analysis revealed a dominant gene  Rpv12  that explained 79% of the phenotypic variance for downy mildew resistance and was inherited independently of other resistance genes. A Mendelian component of resistance–a hypersensitive response in leaves challenged with  P. viticola –was mapped in an interval of 0.2 cM containing an array of coiled-coil NB-LRR genes on chromosome 14. We sequenced 10-kb genic regions in the  Rpv12 +   haplotype and identified polymorphisms in 12 varieties of  V. vinifera  using next-generation sequencing. The combination of two SNPs in single-copy genes flanking the NB-LRR cluster distinguished the resistant haplotype from all others found in 200 accessions of  V. vinifera ,  V. amurensis , and  V. amurensis  x  V. vinifera  crosses. The  Rpv12 +   haplotype is shared by 15 varieties, the most ancestral of which are the century-old ‘Zarja severa’ and ‘Michurinets’. Before this knowledge, the chromosome segment around  Rpv12 +   became introgressed, shortened, and pyramided with another downy mildew resistance gene from North American grapevines ( Rpv3 ) only by phenotypic selection.  Rpv12 +   has an additive effect with  Rpv3 +   to protect vines against natural infections, and confers foliar resistance to strains that are virulent on  Rpv3 +   plants.

Historical Introgression of the Downy Mildew Resistance Gene Rpv12 from the Asian Species Vitis amurensis into Grapevine Varieties