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All genes in the  TRIM6 / TRIM34 / TRIM5 / TRIM22  locus are type I interferon inducible, with  TRIM5  and  TRIM22  possessing antiviral properties. Evolutionary studies involving the  TRIM6 / 34 / 5 / 22  locus have predominantly focused on the coding sequence of the genes, finding that  TRIM5  and  TRIM22  have undergone high rates of both non-synonymous nucleotide replacements and in-frame insertions and deletions. We sought to understand if divergent evolutionary pressures on  TRIM6/34/5/22  coding regions have selected for modifications in the non-coding regions of these genes and explore whether such non-coding changes may influence the biological function of these genes. The transcribed genomic regions, including the introns, of  TRIM6 ,  TRIM34 ,  TRIM5 , and  TRIM22  from ten Haplorhini primates and one prosimian species were analyzed for transposable element content. In Haplorhini species,  TRIM5  displayed an exaggerated interspecies variability, predominantly resulting from changes in the composition of transposable elements in the large first and fourth introns. Multiple lineage-specific endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs) were identified in the first intron of  TRIM5  and  TRIM22 . In the prosimian genome, we identified a duplication of  TRIM5  with a concomitant loss of  TRIM22.  The transposable element content of the prosimian  TRIM5  genes appears to largely represent the shared Haplorhini/prosimian ancestral state for this gene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that one such differentially fixed LTR provides for species-specific transcriptional regulation of  TRIM22  in response to p53 activation. Our results identify a previously unrecognized source of species-specific variation in the antiviral TRIM genes, which can lead to alterations in their transcriptional regulation. These observations suggest that there has existed long-term pressure for exaptation of retroviral LTRs in the non-coding regions of these genes. This likely resulted from serial viral challenges and provided a mechanism for rapid alteration of transcriptional regulation. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of persistent evolutionary pressure for the capture of retroviral LTR insertions.

Elevated Rate of Fixation of Endogenous Retroviral Elements in Haplorhini TRIM5 and TRIM22 Genomic Sequences: Impact on Transcriptional Regulation