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Jiyan-1  puffer, the F 1  hybrid of  Takifugu rubripes  and  Takifugu flavidus , displays obvious heterosis in the growth performance, flavor and stress tolerance. In the present study, comparative analysis for the transcriptomes of  T. rubripes ,  T. flavidus  and  Jiyan-1  was performed aiming to reveal the possible mechanisms of heterosis in pufferfish. Whole transcriptomes were sequenced using the SOLiD4 platform, and a total of 44,305 transcripts corresponding to 18,164 genes were identified collectively. A total of 14,148 transcripts were differentially expressed. By comparing the gene expression patterns of the three samples, the coexistence of overdominance, dominance, underdominance and additivity was observed in the gene action modes of  Jiyan-1 . There were 2,237 transcripts in the intersection of the differentially expressed transcripts from  Jiyan-1  versus  T. rubripes  and  Jiyan-1  versus  T. flavidus , among which 213 transcripts were also in the  T. rubripes  versus  T. flavidus . The potential functions of the remaining 2,024 transcripts were mainly associated with metabolic process, nucleotide binding and catalytic activity. The enrichment results indicated metabolism was the most activated biological function in the heterosis. In addition, 35 KEGG pathways were retrieved as affiliated with more than three differentially expressed transcripts and 8,579 potentially novel transcript isoforms were identified for  Jiyan-1 . The present study revealed the coexistence of multiple gene actions in the hybrid puffer, indicated the importance of metabolism, ion binding function and kinase activity, as well as provided a list of candidate genes and pathways for heterosis. It could be helpful for the better understanding of the determination and regulation mechanisms of heterosis.

Transcriptome Analysis of Artificial Hybrid Pufferfish Jiyan-1 and Its Parental Species: Implications for Pufferfish Heterosis