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Although the temperature response of soil respiration ( R s  ) has been studied extensively, several issues remain unresolved, including hysteresis in the  R s  –temperature relationship and differences in the long- vs. short-term  R s   sensitivity to temperature. Progress on these issues will contribute to reduced uncertainties in carbon cycle modeling. We monitored soil CO 2  efflux with an automated chamber system in a  Pinus tabulaeformis  plantation near Beijing throughout 2011. Soil temperature at 10-cm depth ( T s  ) exerted a strong control over  R s  , with the annual temperature sensitivity ( Q   10 ) and basal rate at 10°C ( R s    10 ) being 2.76 and 1.40 µmol m −2  s −1 , respectively. Both  R s   and short-term (i.e., daily) estimates of  R s    10  showed pronounced seasonal hysteresis with respect to  T s  , with the efflux in the second half of the year being larger than that early in the season for a given temperature. The hysteresis may be associated with the confounding effects of microbial population dynamics and/or litter input. As a result, all of the applied regression models failed to yield unbiased estimates of  R s   over the entire annual cycle. Lags between  R s   and  T s   were observed at the diel scale in the early and late growing season, but not in summer. The seasonality in these lags may be due to the use of a single  T s   measurement depth, which failed to represent seasonal changes in the depth of CO 2  production. Daily estimates of  Q   10  averaged 2.04, smaller than the value obtained from the seasonal relationship. In addition, daily  Q   10  decreased with increasing  T s  , which may contribute feedback to the climate system under global warming scenarios. The use of a fixed, universal  Q   10  is considered adequate when modeling annual carbon budgets across large spatial extents. In contrast, a seasonally-varying, environmentally-controlled  Q   10  should be used when short-term accuracy is required.

Temperature Response of Soil Respiration in a Chinese Pine Plantation: Hysteresis and Seasonal vs. Diel Q10