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During the last four years, knowledge about the diversity of  Plasmodium  species in African great apes has considerably increased. Several new species were described in chimpanzees and gorillas, and some species that were previously considered as strictly of human interest were found to be infecting African apes. The description in gorillas of  P. praefalciparum , the closest relative of  P. falciparum  which is the main malignant agent of human malaria, definitively changed the way we understand the evolution and origin of  P. falciparum . This parasite is now considered to have appeared recently, following a cross-species transfer from gorillas to humans. However, the  Plasmodium  vector mosquito species that have served as bridge between these two host species remain unknown. In order to identify the vectors that ensure ape  Plasmodium  transmission and evaluate the risk of transfer of these parasites to humans, we carried out a field study in Gabon to capture  Anopheles  in areas where wild and semi-wild ape populations live. We collected 1070  Anopheles  females belonging to 15 species, among which  An. carnevalei ,  An. moucheti  and  An. marshallii  were the most common species. Using mtDNA-based PCR tools, we discovered that  An. moucheti , a major human malaria vector in Central Africa, could also ensure the natural transmission of  P. praefalciparum  among great apes. We also showed that, together with  An. vinckei ,  An. moucheti  was infected with  P. vivax -like parasites.  An. moucheti  constitutes, therefore, a major candidate for the transfer of  Plasmodium  parasites from apes to humans.

Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles vinckei Are Candidate Vectors of Ape Plasmodium Parasites, Including Plasmodium praefalciparum in Gabon