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The α-Proteobacterium  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  has proteins homologous to known regulators that govern cell division and development in  Caulobacter crescentus , many of which are also conserved among diverse α-Proteobacteria. In light of recent work demonstrating similarity between the division cycle of  C. crescentus  and that of  A. tumefaciens , the functional conservation for this presumptive control pathway was examined. In  C. crescentus  the CtrA response regulator serves as the master regulator of cell cycle progression and cell division. CtrA activity is controlled by an integrated pair of multi-component phosphorelays: PleC/DivJ-DivK and CckA-ChpT-CtrA. Although several of the conserved orthologues appear to be essential in  A. tumefaciens , deletions in  pleC  or  divK  were isolated and resulted in cell division defects, diminished swimming motility, and a decrease in biofilm formation.  A. tumefaciens  also has two additional   p leC/ d ivJ   h omologue  s ensor kinases called  pdhS1  and  pdhS2 , absent in  C. crescentus . Deletion of  pdhS1  phenocopied the Δ pleC  and Δ divK  mutants. Cells lacking  pdhS2  morphologically resembled wild-type bacteria, but were decreased in swimming motility and elevated for biofilm formation, suggesting that  pdhS2  may serve to regulate the motile to non-motile switch in  A. tumefaciens.  Genetic analysis suggests that the PleC/DivJ-DivK and CckA-ChpT-CtrA phosphorelays in  A. tumefaciens  are vertically-integrated, as in  C. crescentus . A gain-of-function mutation in CckA (Y674D) was identified as a spontaneous suppressor of the Δ pleC  motility phenotype. Thus, although the core architecture of the  A. tumefaciens  pathway resembles that of  C. crescentus  there are specific differences including additional regulators, divergent pathway architecture, and distinct target functions.

Coordination of Division and Development Influences Complex Multicellular Behavior in Agrobacterium tumefaciens