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The pinewood nematode,  Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , is one of the greatest threats to coniferous forests worldwide, causing severe ecological damage and economic loss. The biology of  B. xylophilus  is similar to that of its closest relative,  B. mucronatus , as both species share food resources and insect vectors, and have very similar morphological characteristics, although little pathogenicity to conifers has been associated with  B. mucronatus.  Using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, we show that  B. xylophilus  and  B. mucronatus  form distinct phylogenetic groups with contrasting phylogeographic patterns.  B. xylophilus  presents lower levels of intraspecific diversity than  B. mucronatus , as expected for a species that evolved relatively recently through geographical or reproductive isolation. Genetic diversity was particularly low in recently colonised areas, such as in southwestern Europe. By contrast,  B. mucronatus  displays high levels of genetic diversity and two well-differentiated clades in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogenies. The lack of correlation between genetic and geographic distances in  B. mucronatus  suggests intense gene flow among distant regions, a phenomenon that may have remained unnoticed due to the reduced pathogenicity of the species. Overall, our findings suggest that  B. xylophilus  and  B. mucronatus  have different demographic histories despite their morphological resemblance and ecological overlap. These results suggest that  Bursaphelenchus  species are a valuable model for understanding the dispersion of invasive species and the risks posed to native biodiversity and ecosystems.

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New Insights into the Phylogeny and Worldwide Dispersion of Two Closely Related Nematode Species, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus