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Identifying mechanisms governing the establishment and spread of invasive species is a fundamental challenge in invasion biology. Because species invasions are frequently observed only after the species presents an environmental threat, research identifying the contributing agents to dispersal and subsequent spread are confined to retrograde observations. Here, we use a combination of seasonal surveys and experimental approaches to test the relative importance of behavioral and abiotic factors in determining the local co-occurrence of two invasive ant species, the established Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile  Mayr) and the newly invasive Asian needle ant ( Pachycondyla chinensis  Emery). We show that the broader climatic envelope of  P. chinensis  enables it to establish earlier in the year than  L. humile . We also demonstrate that increased  P. chinensis  propagule pressure during periods of  L. humile  scarcity contributes to successful  P. chinensis  early season establishment. Furthermore, we show that, although  L. humile  is the numerically superior and behaviorally dominant species at baits,  P. chinensis  is currently displacing  L. humile  across the invaded landscape. By identifying the features promoting the displacement of one invasive ant by another we can better understand both early determinants in the invasion process and factors limiting colony expansion and survival.

Propagule Pressure and Climate Contribute to the Displacement of Linepithema humile by Pachycondyla chinensis