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Navigation and environmental perception precede most actions in mobile organisms. Navigation is based upon the fundamental assumption of a ubiquitous Preference for the Nearest of otherwise equivalent navigational goals ( PfN ). However, the magnitude and triggers for  PfN  are unknown and there is no clear evidence that  PfN  exists. I tested for  PfN  in human participants on a retrieval task. Results of these experiments provide the first evidence for  PfN . Further, these data quantify the three primary  PfN  triggers and provide an experimental structure for using  PfN  as a behavioral metric across domains. Surprisingly,  PfN  exists at a high, but not universal, magnitude. Further,  PfN  derives most from the absolute distance to the farthest of multiple goals ( d f  ), with little influence of the distance to the nearest goal ( d n  ). These data provide previously unavailable quantification of behavioral motivation across species and may provide a measurable index of selection. These methods hold particular import for behavioral modification because proximity is a powerful determinant of decision outcomes across most behaviors.

Preference for the Nearer of Otherwise Equivalent Navigational Goals Quantifies Behavioral Motivation and Natural Selection