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This study aimed to evaluate the impact of genetically modified (GM) wheat with introduced  pm3b  mildew resistance transgene, on two types of root-colonizing microorganisms, namely pseudomonads and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Our investigations were carried out in field trials over three field seasons and at two locations. Serial dilution in selective King's B medium and microscopy were used to assess the abundance of cultivable pseudomonads and AMF, respectively. We developed a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method to characterize the diversity of the  pqqC  gene, which is involved in  Pseudomonas  phosphate solubilization. A major result was that in the first field season  Pseudomonas  abundances and diversity on roots of GM  pm3b  lines, but also on non-GM sister lines were different from those of the parental lines and conventional wheat cultivars. This indicates a strong effect of the procedures by which these plants were created, as GM and sister lines were generated via tissue cultures and propagated in the greenhouse. Moreover,  Pseudomonas  population sizes and DGGE profiles varied considerably between individual GM lines with different genomic locations of the  pm3b  transgene. At individual time points, differences in  Pseudomonas  and AMF accumulation between GM and control lines were detected, but they were not consistent and much less pronounced than differences detected between young and old plants, different conventional wheat cultivars or at different locations and field seasons. Thus, we conclude that impacts of GM wheat on plant-beneficial root-colonizing microorganisms are minor and not of ecological importance. The cultivation-independent  pqqC -DGGE approach proved to be a useful tool for monitoring the dynamics of  Pseudomonas  populations in a wheat field and even sensitive enough for detecting population responses to altered plant physiology.

Does Wheat Genetically Modified for Disease Resistance Affect Root-Colonizing Pseudomonads and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi?