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Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator with a unique cyclic phosphate ring at the  sn -2 and  sn -3 positions of its glycerol backbone. We have previously shown that cPA significantly suppresses ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death and the accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. These results indicated that the systemic administration of cPA can protect hippocampal neurons against ischemia-induced delayed neuronal cell death. In the current study, we investigated the effects of cPA on neuronal cell death caused by hypoxia  in vitro  and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. We used cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ) to expose cells to hypoxic conditions  in vitro . Treating mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2A) cells with CoCl 2  induced nuclear DNA condensation and phosphatidylserine exposure. However, adding cPA led to the suppression of CoCl 2 -induced apoptosis in a cPA dose-dependent manner and attenuated the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio caused by CoCl 2 . Quantitative PCR analysis showed that Neuro2A cells strongly express the LPA 1 , LPA 2 , and LPA 6 , which are G-protein coupled receptors that can be activated by cPA. To date, LPA 1  and LPA 2  have been reported to exhibit antiapoptotic activity. Therefore, to assess the roles of LPA 1  and LPA 2  on cPA-induced neuroprotective functions, Ki16425, a selective LPA 1  and LPA 3  antagonist, was adopted to know the LPA 1  function and siRNA was used to knockdown the expression of LPA 2 . On the basis of our results, we propose that cPA-induced protection of Neuro2A cells from CoCl 2 -induced hypoxia damage is mediated via LPA 2 .

Protection of Neuroblastoma Neuro2A Cells from Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis by Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid (cPA)