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Legionella pneumophila , the agent of Legionnaires' disease pneumonia, is transmitted to humans following the inhalation of contaminated water droplets. In aquatic systems,  L. pneumophila  survives much of time within multi-organismal biofilms. Therefore, we examined the ability of  L. pneumophila  (clinical isolate 130b) to persist within biofilms formed by various types of aquatic bacteria, using a bioreactor with flow, steel surfaces, and low-nutrient conditions.  L. pneumophila  was able to intercalate into and persist within a biofilm formed by  Klebsiella pneumoniae ,  Flavobacterium  sp. or  Pseudomonas fluorescens . The levels of  L. pneumophila  within these biofilms were as much as 4×10 4  CFU per cm 2  of steel coupon and lasted for at least 12 days. These data document that  K. pneumoniae, Flavobacterium  sp., and  P. fluorescens  can promote the presence of  L. pneumophila  in dynamic biofilms. In contrast to these results,  L. pneumophila  130b did not persist within a biofilm formed by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , confirming that some bacteria are permissive for  Legionella  colonization whereas others are antagonistic. In addition to colonizing certain mono-species biofilms,  L. pneumophila  130b persisted within a two-species biofilm formed by  K. pneumoniae  and  Flavobacterium  sp. Interestingly, the legionellae were also able to colonize a two-species biofilm formed by  K. pneumoniae  and  P. aeruginosa , demonstrating that a species that is permissive for  L. pneumophila  can override the inhibitory effect(s) of a non-permissive species.

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Legionella pneumophila Persists within Biofilms Formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Flavobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens under Dynamic Flow Conditions