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Selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator plants can concentrate the toxic element Se up to 1% of shoot (DW) which is known to protect hyperaccumulator plants from generalist herbivores. There is evidence for Se-resistant insect herbivores capable of feeding upon hyperaccumulators. In this study, resistance to Se was investigated in seed chalcids and seed beetles found consuming seeds inside pods of Se-hyperaccumulator species  Astragalus bisulcatus  and  Stanleya pinnata.  Selenium accumulation, localization and speciation were determined in seeds collected from hyperaccumulators in a seleniferous habitat and in seed herbivores.  Astragalus bisulcatus  seeds were consumed by seed beetle larvae ( Acanthoscelides fraterculus  Horn, Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and seed chalcid larvae ( Bruchophagus mexicanus , Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae).  Stanleya pinnata  seeds were consumed by an unidentified seed chalcid larva. Micro X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µXANES) and micro-X-Ray Fluorescence mapping (µXRF) demonstrated Se was mostly organic C-Se-C forms in seeds of both hyperaccumulators, and  S. pinnata  seeds contained ∼24% elemental Se. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of Se-compounds in  S. pinnata  seeds detected the C-Se-C compound seleno-cystathionine while previous studies of  A. bisulcatus  seeds detected the C-Se-C compounds methyl-selenocysteine and γ-glutamyl-methyl-selenocysteine. Micro-XRF and µXANES revealed Se ingested from hyperaccumulator seeds redistributed throughout seed herbivore tissues, and portions of seed C-Se-C were biotransformed into selenocysteine, selenocystine, selenodiglutathione, selenate and selenite.  Astragalus bisulcatus  seeds contained on average 5,750 µg Se g −1 , however adult beetles and adult chalcid wasps emerging from  A. bisulcatus  seed pods contained 4–6 µg Se g −1 .  Stanleya pinnata  seeds contained 1,329 µg Se g −1  on average; however chalcid wasp larvae and adults emerging from  S. pinnata  seed pods contained 9 and 47 µg Se g −1 . The results suggest Se resistant seed herbivores exclude Se, greatly reducing tissue accumulation; this explains their ability to consume high-Se seeds without suffering toxicity, allowing them to occupy the unique niche offered by Se hyperaccumulator plants.

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Selenium Hyperaccumulator Plants Stanleya pinnata and Astragalus bisulcatus Are Colonized by Se-Resistant, Se-Excluding Wasp and Beetle Seed Herbivores