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Aims  to examine firstly whether  CLOCK  exhibits a circadian expression in human visceral (V) and subcutaneous (S) adipose tissue (AT)  in vitro  as compared with  BMAL1  and  PER2,  and secondly to investigate the possible effect of the glucocorticoid analogue dexamethasone (DEX) on positive and negative clock genes expression.    Subjects and Methods  VAT and SAT biopsies were obtained from morbid obese women (body mass index≥40 kg/m 2 ) (n = 6). In order to investigate rhythmic expression pattern of clock genes and the effect of DEX on  CLOCK ,  PER2  and  BMAL1  expression, control AT (without DEX) and AT explants treated with DEX (2 hours) were cultured during 24 h and gene expression was analyzed at the following times: 10:00 h, 14:00 h, 18:00 h, 22:00 h, 02:00 h and 06:00 h, using qRT-PCR.    Results    CLOCK ,  BMAL1  and  PER2  expression exhibited circadian patterns in both VAT and SAT explants that were adjusted to a typical 24 h sinusoidal curve.  PER2  expression (negative element) was in antiphase with respect to  CLOCK  and in phase with  BMAL1  expression (both positive elements) in the SAT (situation not present in VAT). A marked effect of DEX exposure on both positive and negative clock genes expression patterns was observed. Indeed, DEX treatment modified the rhythmicity pattern towards altered patterns with a period lower than 24 hours in all genes and in both tissues.    Conclusions  24 h patterns in  CLOCK  and  BMAL1  (positive clock elements) and  PER2  (negative element) mRNA levels were observed in human adipose explants. These patterns were altered by dexamethasone exposure.

Glucocorticoids Affect 24 h Clock Genes Expression in Human Adipose Tissue Explant Cultures