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We attempted to confirm that seed banks can be viewed as an important genetic reservoir by testing the hypothesis that standing (aboveground) plants represent a nonrandom sample of the seed bank. We sampled multilocus allozyme genotypes from three species with different life history strategies:  Amaranthus retroflexus, Carduus acanthoides ,  Pastinaca sativa . In four populations of each species we analysed the extent to which allele and genotype frequencies vary in consecutive life history stages including the summer seed bank, which has been overlooked up to now. We compared the winter seed bank (i.e., seeds collected before the spring germination peak), seedlings, rosettes, the summer seed bank (i.e., seeds collected after the spring germination peak) and fruiting plants. We found that: (1) All three species partitioned most of their genetic diversity within life history stages and less among stages within populations and among populations. (2) All genetic diversity parameters, except for allele frequencies, were similar among all life history stages across all populations in different species. (3) There were differences in allele frequencies among life history stages at all localities in  Amaranthus retroflexus  and at three localities in both  Carduus acanthoides  and  Pastinaca sativa . (4) Allele frequencies did not differ between the winter and summer seed bank in most  Carduus acanthoides  and  Pastinaca sativa  populations, but there was a marked difference in  Amaranthus retroflexus . In conclusion, we have shown that the summer seed bank is not genetically depleted by spring germination and that a majority of genetic diversity remains in the soil through summer. We suggest that seed banks in the species investigated play an important role by  maintaining  genetic diversity sufficient for recovery rather than by  accumulating  new genetic diversity at each locality.

Can Soil Seed Banks Serve as Genetic Memory? A Study of Three Species with Contrasting Life History Strategies