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Calcineurin plays a key role in morphogenesis, pathogenesis and drug resistance in most fungi. However, the function of calcineurin genes in  Puccinia striiformis  f. sp.  tritici  ( Pst ) is unclear. We identified and characterized the calcineurin genes  PsCNA1  and  PsCNB1  in  Pst.  Phylogenetic analyses indicate that  Ps CNA1 and  Ps CNB1 form a calcium/calmodulin regulated protein phosphatase belonging to the calcineurin heterodimers composed of subunits A and B. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that both  PsCNA1  and  PsCNB1  expression reached their maximum in the stage of haustorium formation, which is one day after inoculation. Using barely stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) as a transient expression vector in wheat, the expression of  PsCNA1  and  PsCNB1  in  Pst  was suppressed, leading to slower extension of fungal hyphae and reduced production of urediospores. The immune-suppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506 markedly reduced the germination rates of urediospores, and when germination did occur, more than two germtubes were produced. These results suggest that the calcineurin signaling pathway participates in stripe rust morphogenetic differentiation, especially the formation of haustoria during the early stage of infection and during the production of urediospores. Therefore  PsCNA1  and  PsCNB1  can be considered important pathogenicity genes involved in the wheat- Pst  interaction.

Functional Characterization of Calcineurin Homologs PsCNA1/PsCNB1 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using a Host-Induced RNAi System