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Despite the widely documented influence of gender stereotypes on social behaviour, little is known about the electrophysiological substrates engaged in the processing of such information when conveyed by language. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we examined the brain response to third-person pronouns ( lei  “she” and  lui  “he”) that were implicitly primed by definitional ( passeggera   FEM  “passenger”,  pensionato   MASC  “pensioner”), or stereotypical antecedents ( insegnante  “teacher”,  conducente  “driver”). An N400-like effect on the pronoun emerged when it was preceded by a definitionally incongruent prime ( passeggera   FEM  –  lui ;  pensionato   MASC  –  lei ), and a stereotypically incongruent prime for masculine pronouns only ( insegnante – lui ). In addition, a P300-like effect was found when the pronoun was preceded by definitionally incongruent primes. However, this effect was observed for female, but not male participants. Overall, these results provide further evidence for on-line effects of stereotypical gender in language comprehension. Importantly, our results also suggest a gender stereotype asymmetry in that male and female stereotypes affected the processing of pronouns differently.

The Electrophysiological Underpinnings of Processing Gender Stereotypes in Language