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Background  The whitefly  Bemisia tabaci  is cryptic species complex composed of numerous species. Individual species from the complex harbor a diversity of bacterial endosymbionts including  Wolbachia . However, while  Wolbachia  is known to have a number of different roles, its role in  B. tabaci  is unclear. Here, the antibiotic rifampicin is used to selectively eliminate  Wolbachia  from  B. tabaci  so as to enable its roles in whitefly development and reproduction to be explored. The indirect effects of  Wolbachia  elimination on the biology of  Encarsia bimaculata , a dominant parasitoid of  B. tabaci  in South China, were also investigated.    Methodology/Principal Finding  qRT-PCR and FISH were used to show that after 48 h exposure to 1.0 mg/ml rifampicin,  Wolbachia  was completely inactivated from  B. tabaci  Mediterranean (MED) without any significant impact on either the primary symbiont,  Portiera aleyrodidarum  or any of the other secondary endosymbionts present. For  B. tabaci  MED,  Wolbachia  was shown to be associated with decreased juvenile development time, increased likelihood that nymphs completed development, increased adult life span and increased percentage of female progeny. Inactivation was associated with a significant decrease in the body size of the 4 th  instar which leads us to speculate as to whether  Wolbachia  may have a nutrient supplementation role. The reduction in nymph body size has consequences for its parasitoid,  E. bimaculata . The elimination of  Wolbachia  lead to a marked increase in the proportion of parasitoid eggs that completed their development, but the reduced size of the whitefly host was also associated with a significant reduction in the size of the emerging parasitoid adult and this was in turn associated with a marked reduction in adult parasitoid longevity.    Conclusions/Significance    Wolbachia  increases the fitness of the whitefly host and provides some protection against parasitization. These observations add to our understanding of the roles played by bacterial endosymbionts.

Inactivation of Wolbachia Reveals Its Biological Roles in Whitefly Host