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Background  Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are pleiotropic regulators of somatic growth and development in vertebrate species. Endocrine and paracrine effects of both hormones are mediated by a common IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Lethal respiratory failure in neonatal IGF-1R knockout mice suggested a particular role for this receptor in pulmonary development, and we therefore investigated the consequences of IGF-1R inactivation in lung tissue.    Methods and Findings  We first generated compound heterozygous mutant mice harboring a hypomorphic ( Igf1r neo  ) and a null ( Igf1r −  ) allele. These IGF-1R neo/−  mice express only 22% of normal IGF-1R levels and are viable. In adult IGF-1R neo/−  mice, we assessed lung morphology and respiratory physiology and found normal histomorphometric characteristics and normal breathing response to hypercapnia. We then generated homozygous IGF-1R knockout mutants (IGF-1R −/− ) and analyzed their lung development during late gestation using histomorphometric and immunohistochemical methods. IGF-1R −/−  embryos displayed severe lung hypoplasia and markedly underdeveloped diaphragms, leading to lethal neonatal respiratory distress. Importantly, IGF-1R −/−  lungs from late gestation embryos were four times smaller than control lungs and showed markedly thickened intersaccular mesenchyme, indicating strongly delayed lung maturation. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were significantly increased in IGF-1R −/−  lung tissue as compared with IGF-1R +/+  controls. Immunohistochemistry using pro-SP-C, NKX2-1, CD31 and vWF as markers revealed a delay in cell differentiation and arrest in the canalicular stage of prenatal respiratory organ development in IGF-1R −/−  mutant mice.    Conclusions/Significance  We found that low levels of IGF-1R were sufficient to ensure normal lung development in mice. In contrast, complete absence of IGF-1R significantly delayed end-gestational lung maturation. Results indicate that IGF-1R plays essential roles in cell proliferation and timing of cell differentiation during fetal lung development.

Knockout of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Impairs Distal Lung Morphogenesis