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Background  Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics can be used to modulate both the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and thereby potentially affecting host health beneficially. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight synbiotic combinations on the composition and activity of human fecal microbiota using a four-stage semicontinuous model system of the human colon.    Methods and Findings  Carbohydrates were selected by their ability to enhance growth of the probiotic bacteria  Lactobacillus acidophilus  NCFM (NCFM) and  Bifidobacterium animalis  subsp.  lactis  Bl-04 (Bl-04) under laboratory conditions. The most effective carbohydrates for each probiotic were further investigated, using the colonic model, for the ability to support growth of the probiotic bacteria, influence the composition of the microbiota and stimulate formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).The following combinations were studied: NCFM with isomaltulose, cellobiose, raffinose and an oat β-glucan hydrolysate (OBGH) and Bl-04 with melibiose, xylobiose, raffinose and maltotriose. All carbohydrates showed capable of increasing levels of NCFM and Bl-04 during fermentations in the colonic model by 10 3 –10 4  fold and 10–10 2  fold, respectively. Also the synbiotic combinations decreased the modified ratio of  Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes  (calculated using qPCR results for  Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas  group,  Clostridium perfringens  cluster I,  Clostridium coccoides - Eubacterium rectale  group and Clostridial cluster XIV) as well as significantly increasing SCFA levels, especially acetic and butyric acid, by three to eight fold, as compared to the controls. The decreases in the modified ratio of  Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes  were found to be correlated to increases in acetic and butyric acid (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively).    Conclusions  The results of this study show that all synbiotic combinations investigated are able to shift the predominant bacteria and the production of SCFA of fecal microbiota in a model system of the human colon, thereby potentially being able to manipulate the microbiota in a way connected to human health.

The Effect of Selected Synbiotics on Microbial Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in a Model System of the Human Colon