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To gain valuable insights into the gene interaction and the complex regulation system involved in the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes  Culex quinquefasciatus , we conducted a whole transcriptome analysis of  Culex  mosquitoes following permethrin selection. Gene expression profiles for the lower resistant parental mosquito strain HAmCq G0  and their permethrin-selected high resistant offspring HAmCq G8  were compared and a total of 367 and 3982 genes were found to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, in HAmCq G8 , indicating that multiple genes are involved in response to permethrin selection. However, a similar overall cumulative gene expression abundance was identified between up- and down-regulated genes in HAmCq G8  mosquitoes following permethrin selection, suggesting a homeostatic response to insecticides through a balancing of the up- and down-regulation of the genes. While structural and/or cuticular structural functions were the only two enriched GO terms for down-regulated genes, the enriched GO terms obtained for the up-regulated genes occurred primarily among the catalytic and metabolic functions where they represented three functional categories: electron carrier activity, binding, and catalytic activity. Interestingly, the functional GO terms in these three functional categories were overwhelmingly overrepresented in P450s and proteases/serine proteases. The important role played by P450s in the development of insecticide resistance has been extensively studied but the function of proteases/serine proteases in resistance is less well understood. Hence, the characterization of the functions of these proteins, including their digestive, catalytic and proteinase activities; regulation of signaling transduction and protein trafficking, immunity and storage; and their precise function in the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes will provide new insights into how genes are interconnected and regulated in resistance.

The Transcriptome Profile of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus following Permethrin Selection