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Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease integrating three major agents: the pathogenic agent, the pinewood nematode  Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ; the insect-vector  Monochamus  spp.; and the host pine tree,  Pinus  sp. Since the early 80's, the notion that another pathogenic agent, namely bacteria, may play a role in PWD has been gaining traction, however the role of bacteria in PWD is still unknown. The present work supports the possibility that some  B. xylophilus -associated bacteria may play a significant role in the development of this disease. This is inferred as a consequence of: (i) the phenotypic characterization of a collection of 35 isolates of  B. xylophilus -associated bacteria, in different tests broadly used to test plant pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria, and (ii) greenhouse experiments that infer the pathogenicity of these bacteria in maritime pine,  Pinus pinaster . The results illustrate the presence of a heterogeneous microbial community associated with  B. xylophilus  and the traits exhibited by at least, some of these bacteria, appear to be related to PWD symptoms. The inoculation of four specific  B. xylophilus -associated bacteria isolates in  P. pinaster  seedlings resulted in the development of some PWD symptoms suggesting that these bacteria likely play an active role with  B. xylophilus  in PWD.

Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus