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Background  In  Xenopus  early embryogenesis, various genes are involved with mesoderm formation. In particular, dorsal mesoderm contains the organizer region and induces neural tissues through the inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. In our initial study to identify novel genes necessary for maintaining the undifferentiated state, we unexpectedly revealed mesoderm-inducing activity for  mNanog  in  Xenopus .    Methodology/Principal Findings  The present series of experiments investigated the effect of  mNanog  gene expression on  Xenopus  embryo. Ectopic expression of  mNanog  induced dorsal mesoderm gene activity, secondary axis formation, and weakly upregulated Activin/nodal signaling. The injection of  mNanog  also effectively inhibited the target genes of BMP signaling, while  Xvent2  injection downregulated the dorsal mesoderm gene expression induced by  mNanog  injection.    Conclusions/Significance  These results suggested that  mNanog  expression induces dorsal mesoderm by regulating both Activin/nodal signaling and BMP signaling in  Xenopus . This finding highlights the possibly novel function for  mNanog  in stimulating the endogenous gene network in  Xenopus  mesoderm formation.

mNanog Possesses Dorsal Mesoderm-Inducing Ability by Modulating Both BMP and Activin/Nodal Signaling in Xenopus Ectodermal Cells