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Huanglongbing (HLB) is presently the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. As an intracellular plant pathogen and insect symbiont, the HLB bacterium, ‘ Candidatus  Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), retains the entire flagellum-encoding gene cluster in its significantly reduced genome. Las encodes a flagellin and hook-associated protein (Fla) of 452 amino acids that contains a conserved 22 amino acid domain (flg22) at positions 29 to 50 in the N-terminus. The phenotypic alteration in motility of a  Sinorhizobium meliloti  mutant lacking the  fla  genes was partially restored by constitutive expression of Fla  Las  .  Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression  in planta  revealed that Fla  Las   induced cell death and callose deposition in  Nicotiana benthamiana , and that the transcription of  BAK1  and  SGT1 , which are associated with plant innate immunity, was upregulated. Amino acid substitution experiments revealed that residues 38 (serine) and 39 (aspartate) of Fla  Las   were essential for callose induction. The synthetic flg22  Las   peptide could not induce plant cell death but retained the ability to induce callose deposition at a concentration of 20 µM or above. This demonstrated that the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) activity of flg22 in Las was weaker than those in other well-studied plant pathogenic bacteria. These results indicate that Fla  Las   acts as a PAMP and may play an important role in triggering host plant resistance to the HLB bacteria.

plos one

The Destructive Citrus Pathogen, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Encodes a Functional Flagellin Characteristic of a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern