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The Andes of South America hosts perhaps the highest amphibian species diversity in the world, and a sizable component of that diversity is comprised of direct-developing frogs of the genus  Pristimantis  (Anura: Craugastoridae). In order to better understand the initial stages of species formation in these frogs, this study quantified local-scale spatial genetic structuring in three species of  Pristimantis . DNA sequences of two mitochondrial gene fragments (16S and COI) were obtained from  P. brevifrons ,  P. palmeri  and  P. jubatus  at different locations in the Cordillera Occidental. We found high levels of genetic diversity in the three species, with highly structured populations (as measured by  F   ST ) in  P. brevifrons  and  P. palmeri  while  P. jubatus  showed panmixia. Large effective population sizes, inferred from the high levels of genetic diversity, were found in the three species and two highly divergent lineages were detected within  P. jubatus  and  P. palmeri . Estimated divergence times among populations within  P. brevifrons  and  P. palmeri  coincide with the Pleistocene, perhaps due to similar responses to climatic cycling or recent geological history. Such insights have important implications for linking alpha and beta diversity, suggesting regional scale patterns may be associated with local scale processes in promoting differentiation among populations in the Andes.

Comparative Phylogeography of Direct-Developing Frogs (Anura: Craugastoridae: Pristimantis) in the Southern Andes of Colombia