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Background  The genus  Gavialis  comprises a single living but endangered species,  G. gangeticus , as well as fossil species recorded in the Miocene to Pleistocene deposits of the Indian subcontinent. The genus is also represented in the Pleistocene deposits of Java by the species  G. bengawanicus , which was recently recognized to be valid. Surprisingly, no detailed report of the genus exists between these two provinces and the recent evolutionary history of  Gavialis  is not understood.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We report new material consisting of skull and mandibular remains of  Gavialis  from the Early Pleistocene of Khok Sung, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand. The  Gavialis  material described herein is attributed to  Gavialis  cf.  bengawanicus  and sheds new light on the occurrence of the genus in mainland SE Asia.    Conclusions/Significance  Comparison of this new material with other species referred to the genus  Gavialis  led us to preliminary restrict the content of the genus to three species, namely  G. gangeticus  Gmelin,  G. bengawanicus  Dubois and  G. lewisi  Lull. The occurrence of  G.  cf.  bengawanicus  in Thailand allows us to propose a scenario for the dispersal of  Gavialis  from Indo-Pakistan to Indonesia, thus bridging a geographical gap between these two provinces. Dispersal by sea appears a less likely possibility than dispersal through fluvial drainages.

Gavialis from the Pleistocene of Thailand and Its Relevance for Drainage Connections from India to Java