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Bifidobacteria are known as anaerobic/microaerophilic and fermentative microorganisms, which commonly inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of various animals and insects. Analysis of the 2,167,301 bp genome of  Bifidobacterium asteroides  PRL2011, a strain isolated from the hindgut of  Apis mellifera  var.  ligustica , commonly known as the honey bee, revealed its predicted capability for respiratory metabolism. Conservation of the latter gene clusters in various  B. asteroides  strains enforces the notion that respiration is a common metabolic feature of this ancient bifidobacterial species, which has been lost in currently known mammal-derived  Bifidobacterium  species. In fact, phylogenomic based analyses suggested an ancient origin of  B. asteroides  and indicates it as an ancestor of the genus  Bifidobacterium . Furthermore, the  B. asteroides  PRL2011 genome encodes various enzymes for coping with toxic products that arise as a result of oxygen-mediated respiration.

Bifidobacterium asteroides PRL2011 Genome Analysis Reveals Clues for Colonization of the Insect Gut