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Evidence is presented for the involvement of the interplay between transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the regulation of mouse PARP-1 gene ( muPARP-1 ) promoter activity. We identified potential YY1 binding motifs (BM) at seven positions in the  muPARP-1  core-promoter (−574/+200). Binding of YY1 was observed by the electrophoretic supershift assay using anti-YY1 antibody and linearized or supercoiled forms of plasmids bearing the core promoter, as well as with 30 bp oligonucleotide probes containing the individual YY1 binding motifs and four  muPARP-1  promoter fragments. We detected YY1 binding to BM1 (−587/−558), BM4 (−348/−319) and a very prominent association with BM7 (+86/+115). Inspection of BM7 reveals overlap of the  muPARP-1  translation start site with the Kozak sequence and YY1 and PARP-1 recognition sites. Site-directed mutagenesis of the YY1 and PARP-1 core motifs eliminated protein binding and showed that YY1 mediates PARP-1 binding next to the Kozak sequence. Transfection experiments with a reporter gene under the control of the  muPARP-1  promoter revealed that YY1 binding to BM1 and BM4 independently repressed the promoter. Mutations at these sites prevented YY1 binding, allowing for increased reporter gene activity. In PARP-1 knockout cells subjected to PARP-1 overexpression, effects similar to YY1 became apparent; over expression of YY1 and PARP-1 revealed their synergistic action. Together with our previous findings these results expand the PARP-1 autoregulatory loop principle by YY1 actions, implying rigid limitation of  muPARP-1  expression. The joint actions of PARP-1 and YY1 emerge as important contributions to cell homeostasis.

YY1-Binding Sites Provide Central Switch Functions in the PARP-1 Gene Expression Network