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Background  Chemokines are involved in multiple aspects of pathogenesis and cellular trafficking in tumorigenesis. In this study, we report that the latest member of the C-X-C-type chemokines, CXCL17 (DMC/VCC-1), recruits immature myeloid-derived cells and enhances early tumor progression.    Methodology/Principal Findings  CXCL17 was preferentially expressed in some aggressive types of gastrointestinal, breast, and lung cancer cells. CXCL17 expression did not impart NIH3T3 cells with oncogenic potential  in vitro , but CXCL17-expressing NIH3T3 cells could form vasculature-rich tumors in immunodeficient mice. Our data showed that CXCL17-expressing tumor cells increased immature CD11b + Gr1 +  myeloid-derived cells at tumor sites in mice and promoted CD31 +  tumor angiogenesis. Extensive chemotactic assays proved that CXCL17-responding cells were CD11b + Gr1 high F4/80 −  cells (∼90%) with a neutrophil-like morphology  in vitro . Although CXCL17 expression could not increase the number of CD11b + Gr1 +  cells in tumor-burdened SCID mice or promote metastases of low metastatic colon cancer cells, the existence of CXCL17-responding myeloid-derived cells caused a striking enhancement of xenograft tumor formation.    Conclusions/Significance  These results suggest that aberrant expression of CXCL17 in tumor cells recruits immature myeloid-derived cells and promotes tumor progression through angiogenesis.

CXCL17 Expression by Tumor Cells Recruits CD11b+Gr1highF4/80− Cells and Promotes Tumor Progression