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Most chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, whose functions remain largely unknown because mutant alleles are lacking. A reverse genetics screen for mutations affecting the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) family in  Arabidopsis thaliana  allowed us to identify 75 lines carrying T-DNA insertions. Two of them were homozygous for insertions in the At4g14605 gene, which we dubbed  MDA1  (  M TERF  D EFECTIVE IN  A rabidopsis1 ). The  mda1  mutants exhibited altered chloroplast morphology and plant growth, and reduced pigmentation of cotyledons, leaves, stems and sepals. The  mda1  mutations enhanced salt and osmotic stress tolerance and altered sugar responses during seedling establishment, possibly as a result of reduced ABA sensitivity. Loss of  MDA1  function caused up-regulation of the  RpoTp/SCA3  nuclear gene encoding a plastid RNA polymerase and modified the steady-state levels of chloroplast gene transcripts. Double mutant analyses indicated that  MDA1  and the previously described  mTERF  genes  SOLDAT10  and  RUG2  act in different pathways. Our findings reveal a new role for mTERF proteins in the response to abiotic stress, probably through perturbed ABA retrograde signalling resulting from a disruption in chloroplast homeostasis.

Arabidopsis MDA1, a Nuclear-Encoded Protein, Functions in Chloroplast Development and Abiotic Stress Responses