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Many species of tsetse flies are infected by a virus (GpSGHV) that causes salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH). Female  Glossina pallidipes  (Austen) with SGH symptoms (SGH + ) have reduced fecundity and SGH +  male  G. pallidipes  are unable to inseminate female flies. Consequently,  G. pallidipes  laboratory colonies with a high prevalence of SGH have been difficult to maintain and have collapsed on several occasions. To assess the potential impact of the release of SGH +  sterile male  G. pallidipes  on the efficacy of an integrated control programme with a sterile insect technique (SIT) component, we examined the mating efficiency and behaviour of male  G. pallidipes  in field cages in relation to SGH prevalence. The results showed in a field cage setting a significantly reduced mating frequency of 19% for a male  G. pallidipes  population with a high prevalence of SGH (83%) compared to 38% for a male population with a low prevalence of SGH (7%). Premating period and mating duration did not vary significantly with SGH status. A high percentage (>80%) of females that had mated with SGH +  males had empty spermathecae. The remating frequency of female  G. pallidipes  was very low irrespective of the SGH status of the males in the first mating. These results indicate that a high prevalence of SGH+ in  G. pallidipes  not only affects colony stability and performance but, in view of their reduced mating propensity and competitiveness, releasing SGH+ sterile male  G. pallidipes  will reduce the efficiency of a sterile male release programme.

Impact of Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus Infection on the Mating Success of Male Glossina pallidipes: Consequences for the Sterile Insect Technique